Description
Diadumene lineata shows considerable variation in size, color, temperature adaptation, mode of reproduction, and feeding cues has been described (Uchida 1932; Sassaman and Mangum 1970, Shick et al. 1979, Stephenson 1935, Williams 1973). In the absence of worldwide genetic studies, it's not clear how much of this is due to phenotypic plasticity, rapid evolution in newly colonized areas, or a species difference between the presumed native Japanese populations and the widely distributed introduced forms.
Synonymy - Diadumene lineata was described by Verrill in 1870 from Hong Kong, and described again by Verrill as Sagartia luciae (1898) from New Haven CT. The name 'Haliplanella luciae' is still frequent in the literature (e.g. Fukui 1993). Gollasch and Riemann-Zumeck (1996) favor the species name 'luciae', arguing that the identity with Verrill's Hong Kong 'lineata' was not proved. 'Segartia luciae', used by Visscher (1927) was a misspelling .
Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family | Genus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animalia | Cnidaria | Anthozoa | Actinaria | Haliplanellidae | Diadumene |
Synonyms
Invasion History
Chesapeake Bay Status
| First Record | Population | Range | Introduction | Residency | Source Region | Native Region | Vectors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1929 | Established | Stable | Introduced | Regular Resident | Western Atlantic | Western Pacific | Shipping(Fouling Community) |
History of Spread
Diadumene lineata (Striped Sea Anemone) is believed to be native to the Pacific Coast of Northeastern Asia including Japan and possibly Hong Kong (where it was described by Verrill in 1870) (Uchida 1932; Stephenson 1935). It was introduced to the Pacific coast of North America (San Francisco Bay) by 1906, and reached Vancouver Island British Columbia by 1909 (Stephenson 1935). However, it was not collected in Puget Sound until 1939 (Cohen et al. 1998). Diadumene lineata was first collected in Europe at Plymouth, England and found in the Helder, Netherlands (1913), Naples, Mediterranean (1911) and reached the Suez Canal by 1924 (Stephenson 1935). Around the world, it has recently been found in New Zealand (1983, (Cranfield et al. 1998), the Hawaiian Islands (2000, Zabin et al. 2004), and Argentina (2005, Molina et al. 2008). On the Atlantic coast of North America, it was first found in Long Island Sound at New Haven CT in 1892 (Verrill 1898).
Atlantic North American first records are summarized below from north to south:
Gulf of Maine- Diadumene lineata was first reported from the Gulf in Massachusetts Bay, at Nahant MA in 1899, and then in Salem Ma (Parker 1902). Shick reported it as occurring on the 'entire Maine Coast' before 1975. However, a population at Blue Hill Falls ME, on the basis of morphological features, appears to be a separate introduction, possibly brought with an unsuccesful planting of Japanese oysters in 1949.
Buzzards Bay-Vineyard Sound- Diadumene lineata was first collected in Woods Hole MA in 1898 (Verrill 1898), and was abundant by 1902 (Parker 1902).
Narragansett Bay-Rhode Island Sound- Diadumene lineata was first collected in Newport RI in 1895, and was abundant at that time (Parker 1902).
Long Island Sound- Diadumene lineata was first collected in New Haven CT in 1892 and described as 'H. luciae'. It had become much more abundant by 1898 (Verrill 1898).
Hudson River Estuary-New York Bight- The earliest record of which we are aware is from the Hudson River estuary in 1972 (Ristich et al. 1977), though it was doubtless introduced much earlier.
NJ Coastal Bays- Diadumene lineata was reported as common in Barnegat Bay by Richards (1938).
Chesapeake Bay- Diadumene lineata was first collected at Cape Charles VA in 1929 (Richards 1931).
NC Sounds- Diadumene lineata was first collected at Beaufort NC in 1929; and was not found in 1900-1904 surveys (Pearse 1936, Field 1949).
South Carolina- Diadumene lineata was reported from 'most inshore areas' by Calder and Hester (1978).
Gulf of Mexico- Diadumene lineata was first collected at Port Arkansas TX in 1948 (Carlgren and Hedgepeth 1953), and subsequently found at Turkey Point FL (Minasian and Mariscal 1979).
Diadumene lineata, as 'Segartia luciae', was found in a survey of fouling organisms on commercial and naval ships, 1923-24 at ports from Boston to Norfolk (Visscher 1927). It was reported from a ship 'Leviathan' crusing between Newport News, VA and New York, and 2 other East Coast ships (Visscher 1927). Other Chesapeake Bay records are listed:
Cape Charles VA- Diadumene lineata was found on 'on the numerous rock jetties' in 1929 (Richards 1931). It was generally common on the lower Eastern Shore of Chesapeake Bay (VA), in 1994-95 (Ruiz et al. unpublished data).
Hampton Roads- Diadumene lineata was common by 1949 (Ferguson and Jones 1949), and common on pier at Norfolk Navy Base (Calder and Brehmer 1967).
Lynnhaven Bay- Diadumene lineata was common in 1994 and 1995 (Ruiz et al. unpublished data).
Lower Bay - In 1929, H. lineata was found 'on the numerous rock jetties near the town of Cape Charles' (Richards 1931).
Lower York River- Davis (1937), whose Davis' address was at William and Mary, apparently collected D. lineata in the Chesapeake Bay and gave the range given simply as 'MA to VA'. D. lineata has been frequently collected at Gloucester Point, VA, 1963-1969 (Andrews 1973; Calder 1972; Sassaman and Mangum 1970). D.lineata was apparently absent or much rarer than Diadumene leucolena on dock pilings at Gloucester Point after the tropical storm 'Agnes' floods in 1972 (Andrews 1973), but it was common in 1994-95 (Ruiz et al. unpublished data).
Patuxent River- Diadumene lineata was collected from a deep basin (38 m) at the mouth of the estuary, in water of 19 ppt salinity (Merrill and Boss 1966).
Andrews (1953) said that this species was found 'through the salinity range of Chesapeake Bay', but other sources (e.g. Calder 1972; Lippson and Lippson 1984) indicate that this species is confined to the lower Bay and mesohaline waters. It was not found on settling plates in the Upper Bay in 1994-95 (Ruiz et al. unpublished data).
History References - Andrews 1953; Andrews 1973; Calder 1972; Calder and Brehmer 1967; Carlgren and Hedgepeth 1953; Davis 1937; Ferguson and Jones 1949; Field 1949; Lippson and Lippson 1984; Merrill and Boss 1966; Parker 1902; Pearse 1936; Richards 1931; Sassaman and Mangum 1970; Shick 1976; Stephenson 1935; Uchida 1932; Verrill 1898; Visscher 1927
Invasion Comments
Vector(s) of Introduction- Some introductions of D. lineata into North American waters have probably resulted from transplants of Crassostrea gigas (Pacfic Oyster) (Shick 1976). However, no transplants are known in Chesapeake Bay in the early 20th century, when this anemone was introduced
Ecology
Environmental Tolerances
| For Survival | For Reproduction | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | Maximum | Minimum | Maximum | |
| Temperature (ºC) | 0.0 | 40.0 | ||
| Salinity (‰) | 12.0 | 35.0 | 12.0 | 35.0 |
| Oxygen | hypoxic | |||
| pH | ||||
| Salinity Range | meso-eu |
Age and Growth
| Male | Female | |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum Adult Size (mm) | 5.0 | 5.0 |
| Typical Adult Size (mm) | 8.0 | 8.0 |
| Maximum Adult Size (mm) | 15.0 | 15.0 |
| Maximum Longevity (yrs) | ||
| Typical Longevity (yrs |
Reproduction
| Start | Peak | End | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reproductive Season | |||
| Typical Number of Young Per Reproductive Event |
|||
| Sexuality Mode(s) | |||
| Mode(s) of Asexual Reproduction |
|||
| Fertilization Type(s) | |||
| More than One Reproduction Event per Year |
|||
| Reproductive Startegy | |||
| Egg/Seed Form |
Impacts
Economic Impacts in Chesapeake Bay
Diadumene lineata (Striped Sea Anemone) is common, but is rarely or never dominant in Chesapeake fouling communities, and does not seem to produce significant economic impacts (Andrews 1973; Calder 1966; Lippson and Lippson 1984).
References- Andrews 1973; Calder 1966; Lippson and Lippson 1984
Economic Impacts Outside of Chesapeake Bay
Diadumene lineata (Striped Sea Anemone), though now a worldwide part of the fouling community, apparently has no significant economic impacts.
Ecological Impacts on Chesapeake Native Species
The impacts of Diadumene lineata (Striped Sea Anemone) on native biota have not been well studied.
Competition - The importance of possible competition with the anemone Diadumene leucolena (White Anemone) and other fouling taxa is unknown. 'Haliplanella (=D. lineata), Diadumene (D. leucolena) and Metridium (senile) often coexist on the same rock' (Shick et al. 1977).
Diadumene leucolena reproduces sexually and has a greater variety of genotypes and consequently a more varied and graded response to enviromental variables. Populations, presumably because of low genetic diversity, tend to have a uniform response to stress (Shick et al. 1977) and are prone to mass dieoffs (Parker 1919, Stephenson 1935). Diadumene lineata is less abundant and more local in its distribution in the Bay (Lippson and Lippson 1980, Ruiz et al. unpublished).
Predation - Diadumene lineata preys on a wide range of benthos (Hausmann 1919, Shick 1991), but quantitative importance of predation in Chesapeake Bay and elsewhere is unknown.
References - Hausmann 1919; Lippson and Lippson 1984; Parker 1919; Ruiz et al. unpublished; Shick et al. 1977; Stephenson 1935
Ecological Impacts on Other Chesapeake Non-Native Species
The impacts of Diadumene lineata (Striped Sea Anemone) on native biota have not been well studied. Impacts on introduced fouling species are unknown. Diadumene lineata is not known to be a dominant in fouling communities, so impacts are likely to be small.
References
Andrews, J. D. (1953) Fouling organisms of Chesapeake Bay, , Baltimore, Maryland. Pp.Andrews, Jay D. (1973) Effect of tropical storm Agnes on epifaunal invertebrates in Virginia estuaries, Chesapeake Science 14: 223-234
Calder, Dale R. (1972) Phylum Cnidaria, Special Scientific Report, Virginia Institute of Marine Science 65: 97-102
Calder, Dale R.; Brehmer, Morris L. (1967) Seasonal occurrence of epifauna on test panels in Hampton Roads, Virginia., International Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 1: 149-164
Calder, Dale Ralph (1966) Ecology of marine invertebrate fouling organisms in Hampton Roads, Virginia., , Williamsburg, VA. Pp.
Carlgren, Oskar; Hedgpeth, Joel W. (1952) Actinaria, Zoantharia, and Ceriantharia from shallow water in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico., Publications of the Institute of Marine Science 2: 141-172
Davis, Donald W. (1937) Sagartia luciae, In: Galtsoff, P. S., Lutz, F. E, Welch, P. S, and(Eds.) Culture Methods for Inveretbrate Animals. , New York. Pp.
Ferguson, F. F.; Jones, E. R. (1949) A survey of the shoreline fauna of the Norfolk Peninsula., American Midland Naturalist : 436-446
Field, Louise R. (1949) Sea anemones and corals of Beaufort, North Carolina, Duke University Marine Station Bulletin 5: 1-39
Fukui, Yoko (1991) Embryonic and larval development of the sea anemone Haliplanella lineata from Japan, Hydrobiologia : 137-142
Fukui, Yoko (1993) Chromosomes of the sea anemone Haliplanella luciae (=H. lineata) (Coelenterata: Actinaria), Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 73: 971-973
Gollasch, S.; Riemann-Zurneck (1996) Transoceanic dispersal of benthic macrofauna: Haliplanella luciae (Verrill, 1898) (Anthozoa, Actinaria) found on a ship's hull in a shipyard dock in Hamburg, Germany, Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 50: 253-258
Hand, Cadet (1955) The sea anemones of central California. Part III: The Acontiarian anemones., The Wasmann Journal of Biology 13: 189-251
Hausman, Leon Augustus (1919) The orange striped anemone (Sagartia luciae, Verrill): An ecological study, Biological Bulletin 37: 363-368
Johnson, Lawrence L.; Shick, J. Malcolm (1977) Effects of fluctuating temperature and immersion on asexual reproduction in the intertidal sea anemone Haliplanella luciae (Verrill) in laboratory culture, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 28: 141-149
Lippson, Alice Jane; Lippson, Robert L. (1984) Life in the Chesapeake Bay, , Baltimore. Pp.
Lippson, Alice Jane; Lippson, Robert L. (1997) Life in the Chesapeake Bay, , Baltimore. Pp.
Merrill, Arthur S.; Boss, Kenneth J. (1966) Benthic ecology and faunal change relating to oysters from a deep basin in the Lower Patuxent River, Maryland, Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association 56: 81-87
Minasian, Leo L., Jr. (1976) Characteristics of asexual reproduction in the sea anemone Haliplanella luciae, reared in the laboratory., , New York. Pp. 289-298
Miyawaki, Mitsuharu (1951) Notes on the effect of low salinity on an Actinian, Diadumene luciae, Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series VI, Zoology 10: 123-125
Parker, G. H. (1902) Notes on the dispersal of Sagartia luciae Verrill., American Naturalist 36: 491-493
Parker, G. H. (1919) The effects of the winter 1917-1918 on the occurrence of Sagartia luciae Verrill, The American Naturalist 53: 280-281
Pearse, A. S. (1936) Estuarine animals at Beaufort, North Carolina, Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 52: 174-224
Richards, Horace G. (1931) Notes on the marine invertebrate fauna of the Virgina Capes., Ecology 12: 443-445
Sassaman, C.; Mangum, C. P. (1970) Patterns of temperature adaptation in North American Atlantic coastal actinians, Marine Biology 7: 123-130
Shick, J. Malcolm (1976) Ecological physiology of the colonizing actinian Haliplanella luciae., , New York. Pp. 137-146
Shick, J. Malcolm (1991) A Functional Biology of Sea Anemones, , London. Pp.
Shick, J. Malcolm; Hoffman, Richard J.; Lamb, Allen N. (1979) Asexual reproduction, population structure, and genotype-environment interactions in sea anemones., American Zoologist 19: 699-713
Stephenson, T. A. (1935) The British Sea Anemones, , London. Pp.
Uchida, Tohru (1932) Occurrence in Japan of Diadumene luciae, a remarkable actinian of rapid dispersal, Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series VI 2: 69-81
Verrill, A. E. (1898) Descriptions of new American actinians, with critical notes on other species., American Journal of Science Series 4. 6: 493-498
Visscher, J. Paul (1927) Nature and extent of fouling of ship's bottoms., Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 43: 193-252
Williams, R. B. (1973) Are there physiological races of the sea anemone Diadumene luciae?, Marine Biology 21: 327-330